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aqbuc NCBINCBI Logo Skip to main content Skip to navigation Resources How To About NCBI Accesskeys PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search database PMC Search term Search Advanced Journal listHelp COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/ Journal ListHHS Author ManuscriptsPMC4979577 Logo of nihpa J Subst Use. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 Jan 1. Published in final edited form as: J Subst Use. 2016; 21(4): 395–399. Published online 2015 Sep 18. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1040089 PMCID: PMC4979577 NIHMSID: NIHMS760791 PMID: 27524938 Mood Symptoms in Steroid Users: The Unexamined Role of Concurrent Stimulant Use Pilar M. Sanjuan, Ph.D. Pilar M. Sanjuan, Fellow: The University of New Mexico, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, 2650 Yale Boulevard, SE, MSC11-6280, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; James L. Langenbucher, Ph.D., Associate Professor James L. Langenbucher, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Tom Hildebrandt, PsyD, Associate Professor Tom Hildebrandt, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA; Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Subst Use See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Go to: INTRODUCTION Appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) include a range of illicit, prescription, and over-the-counter preparations used to increase lean body-mass in order to attain idealized physiques and improve athletic performance (Thomas Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, Carr, & Sanjuan, 2007). Most APED users are polydrug users engaging in “stacking,” taking several drugs from different categories concurrently and sequentially over 8-10 week time blocks (Dodge & Hoagland, 2011). This study focuses on two APED categories: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (referred to simply as “steroids” in this article) and Thermogenic and Ergogenic Drugs (stimulants). Substances in the steroids group include numerous synthetic testosterone derivatives varying in half-lives and metabolite ratios. Stimulants used in this capacity include fat-burning and energy-boosting drugs (Coffey, Steiner, Baker, & Allison, 2004; Maglione et al., 2005; Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, & et al, 2003; Sjöqvist, Garle, & Rane, 2008). Common stimulants include liothyronine (thyroid hormone), clenbuterol (illicit in the U.S.), synephrine, ephedra, ephedrine, theophylline, and caffeine (Thomas Hildebrandt, Harty, & Langenbucher, 2012; Thomas Hildebrandt et al., 2007). When used as medically indicated, these stimulants have less dramatic mood effects than stimulants better associated with misuse (e.g. methamphetamine.) Prevalence Prevalence rates of steroid use range from 1.5% of 12th graders (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2012), 6.4% of adult males, 13.4% of athletes, to 18.4% among recreational sports people (Sagoe, Molde, Andreassen, Torsheim, & Pallesen, 2014). The prevalence of APED stimulant use is more complicated as these include common substances (e.g. caffeine) as well as prescription-only medications. Rates of stimulant use are higher among athletes using of other types of APEDs (Buckman, Farris, & Yusko, 2013) ranging from 28% to 56% compared to non-APED users. Other research has found rates ranging from 25% for ephedrine (Kanayama, Gruber, Pope, Jr., Borowiecki, & Hudson, 2001) to 58% for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or amphetamine (Bents, Tokish, & Goldberg, 2004) among athletes and 7% for non-prescription weight loss products in the general population (Blanck H, Khan L, & Serdula MK, 2001). Mood Effects There is widespread popular belief that the use of steroids routinely results in powerful episodes of anger and violence termed “roid rage” (Chantal, Soubranne, & Brunel, 2009). However, researchers in this field agree that such negative mood effects are more likely to be rare and difficult to predict (Thomas Hildebrandt et al., 2007; Kanayama, Hudson, & Pope, 2009; Pope HG, Jr, Kouri EM, & Hudson JI, 2000; Rubinow & Schmidt, 1996; Yates, Perry, MacIndoe, Holman, & Ellingrod, 1999). Prior research has found adverse psychological effects of steroids including anger, aggressiveness, depression, and mania (Daly et al., 2003; Pagonis, Angelopoulos, Koukoulis, & Hadjichristodoulou, 2006; Su T et al., 1993; Yates, Perry, & Murray, 1992). Positive effects may include enhanced self-esteem, vigor, libido, perceived power, and concentration (Tom Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, Carr, Sanjuan, & Park, 2006). However, many studies have failed to find any psychoactive effects associated with steroid use (Bagatell, Heiman, Matsumoto, Rivier, & Bremner, 1994; Bahrke, Wright, Strauss, & Catlin, 1992; Malone, Dimeff, Lombardo, & Sample, 1995; Midgley, Heather, & Davies, 2001; O’Connor, Archer, & Wu, 2004; Tricker et al., 1996; Yates et al., 1999), supporting the idea that steroid mood effects are idiosyncratic. An understanding of the variables associated with APED-related mood disturbance is critical for identifying high risk individuals and for developing treatments. Most research on APED-induced mood effects focuses solely on steroids and does not examine concurrently used drugs (e.g. stimulants). This study was designed to assess the effects of stimulant use on mood effects as a potential variable underlying the idiosyncratic nature of steroid-associated negative mood effects. We also tried to minimize retrospective memory errors by only assessing current mood. In accordance with research finding mood effects associated with steroid use, we hypothesized that current steroid and stimulant use each would be associated with (1) increased vigor, mania, anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion and (2) decreased positive affect. Go to: METHODS Links from internet websites that primarily focused on bodybuilding, weightlifting, or using steroids, and also from search engines, led to our internet-accessible survey, which was located on the Rutgers University website. These links were identified as leading to a “Rutgers survey on training practices and mood.” All participants initially followed this link to a Rutgers Institutional Review Board-approved consent form and clicked on second link at the bottom of this page to indicate consent. The entire protocol of the study was approved by the Rutgers Institutional Review Board. Participants Participants were 122 male weightlifters and bodybuilders, mean age of 32 (19-57, SD = 8.68), who anonymously followed the consent link. Females were targeted as well as males, but only males reached a sample size that could be analyzed. Participants did not need to have used APEDs to enroll, but, because the survey was linked to some websites with steroid-related content, many had used them. Participants did not receive any financial compensation for completing the survey. Eight participants who completed the survey were excluding for missing data. There were no other exclusion criteria. Measures The questionnaire began with demographic questions and then presented the following mood scales, each adapted to query the past 24-hours. Participants rated current moods prior to reporting current drug use. Questions about weight-training were interwoven between mood questionnaires. Anger The Revised State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2:Spielberger, 1998) State-Anger scale assesses the intensity of anger at a particular time, and has been used extensively in research on health and anger. It has 3 subscales: Feelings, Verbal, and Physical. Mania The Self-Report Manic Inventory (SRMI; Shugar, Schertzer, Toner, & di Gasbarro, 1992) has been found more sensitive than other measures to euthymic and hypomanic fluctuations (Cooke, Krüger, & Shugar, 1996). Mood The Profile of Mood States – Brief (POMS-B; McNair & Heuchert, 2005), the only authorized short version of the POMS, has six factors: tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, anger/hostility, vigor/activity, fatigue/inertia, and confusion/bewilderment. Positive Mood The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire – Positive (ATQ-P; Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988), measures the occurrence of positive self-relevant cognitions. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-CSDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were included as covariates, to control for the desire to look good and trait affect. Mood scales were followed by sections developed specifically for this study assessing current steroid and stimulant use, dietary and sleep habits, use of other medications, and prior physical or psychiatric diagnoses. The entry question to the steroids section was, “Have you ever used anabolic steroids?” For participants who answered “yes,” this was followed by further questions about specific drugs used and patterns of use. The entry question to the stimulants section was “Have you ever used fat burners or endurance boosters such as Xenadrine or T3?” For participants answering “yes,” this was again followed by further questions about drugs and patterns of use. Data Analysis The main goal was to identify mood effects associated with steroids and stimulants. Because steroids have a long half-life and most stimulants have a comparatively short half-life, participants were considered currently on steroids if they had used them in the past 14 days and as currently on stimulants if they had used them in the past 24 hours. Analyses consisted of 2 × 2 analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) for drug use status (current steroid by current stimulant) for each mood scale. We controlled for social desirability, trait affect, age, marital status, employment, income, exercise recency, and prior night’s sleep. In addition, effect sizes were examined (Cohen’s d) for steroid and stimulant use on mood as compared to normative population scores for the POMS-B (Yeun & Shin-Park, 2006), ATQ (Ingram, Kendall, Siegle, Guarino, & McLaughlin, 1995), and STAXI (Spielberger, 1998). Go to: RESULTS Demographics Of 236 individuals who clicked the survey link, 225 consented, 135 completed the survey, 130 were male, and 122 had complete data for these analyses. Eight-four percent of participants resided in the United States, 45% were married, 75% were employed full-time, 40% had a college degree, and another 16% held graduate degrees. The majority of the participants were Caucasian (93%). Sixty-two percent of participants identified their training goal as a bodybuilding, while 36% identified it as weight-lifting. Participants averaged 97 (SD = 14.3, Range = 63-141) kilograms with a body mass index of 30 (SD = 3.8, Range 22-44) and fat-free mass index (FFMI – determined by height, weight, and self-reported body fat percentage (Kouri et al., 1995b) of 25 (SD = 3.2, Range 18-36). They were experienced APED users: 87% (N=106) reporting lifetime use of steroids for an average 3.6 years (SD = 4.28) and 80% (N=97) reporting lifetime use of stimulants for an average 3.5 years (SD = 4.1). Thirty-one percent (N=38) of the sample was not currently taking steroids or stimulants, 30% (N=37) were currently taking only steroids, 18% (N=22) were currently taking only stimulants, and 21% (N=25) were currently taking both steroids and stimulants. Internal Consistency Internal consistency for the measures in our sample was good and ranged from 0.77 to 0.94 as follows, for the STAXI-2: α=0.94, SRMI: α=0.85, POMS: α=0.90, ATQ-P: α=0.94, M-CSDS: α=0.77 and PANAS: α=0.83.. ANCOVAs The overall F-tests for all ANCOVA models were significant (p<.001), with significant main effects (p<.025) for stimulant use on Tension/Anxiety and for steroid use on Vigor/Activity. Participants using stimulants scored higher on Tension/Anxiety than those not using stimulants and participants using steroids scored lower on Vigor/Activity than non-users. No interaction effects were found for stimulants by steroids, but these were included in the models in Table 1. Table1 Mood Scales by APED Use Mood Measure Stimulants Steroids Overall Model APED Users vs. Norm No Yes No Yes F d SRMI - Mania 9.6(6.4) 10.9(5.8) 11.0(6.6) 9.0(5.7) 3.98c N/A POMS-B Tension/Anxiety 2.9(3.0)a 3.4(3.8)a 3.0(3.1) 3.1(3.2) 11.27c .74c Depression/Dejection 2.1(3.0) 2.5(4.5) 2.0(3.1) 2.3(4.1) 15.62c .42b Anger/Hostility 3.3(3.6) 2.7(3.9) 3.0(3.2) 3.1(4.2) 6.94c .61c Vigor/Activity 9.0(4.2) 10.5(5.0) 10.5(4.2)a 8.6(4.7)a 9.34c .07 Fatigue/Inertia 4.8(3.5) 4.2(4.5) 4.4(4.0) 4.7(3.9) 3.42c .83c Confusion/ Bewilderment 3.2(2.2) 3.7(2.8) 3.3(2.5) 3.3(2.4) 6.05c .54c ATQ - Positive Affect 110(13.8) 113(17.8) 113(13.1) 109(17.2) 19.46c 1.81c STAXI-2 Anger Feelings 7.5(2.7) 7.2(2.8) 7.2(2.5) 7.6(3.0) 4.49c −.08 Anger Verbal 7.4(2.7) 7.1(3.4 7.6(3.7) 7.0(2.9) 2.90c −.20 Anger Physical 6.0(2.8) 5.5(1.9) 5.9(2.2) 5.8(2.8) 3.87c .08 Total Anger 21(7.8) 19.8(7.4) 20.7(7.4) 20.3(7.9) 4.26c −.08 Note. F = F-value, ap<.025, bp<.01, cp<.001, APED = Appearance and performance enhancing drug, SRMI = The Self-Report Manic Inventory, POMS-B = The Profile of Mood States- Brief, ATQ = The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, STAXI-2 = The Revised State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. In order to correct for multiple comparisons, alpha was set at p<.025 (N=122). Means and standard deviations listed above are raw. Social desirability, trait affect, age, marital status, employment, income, recency of exercise, and hours of last sleep correlated with dependent variables and were included as covariates in the analyses. Other potential covariates measured did not have sufficient variance in the sample to account for variance in the final models, and so were not included. Cohen’s d was calculated for the effect sizes in the final column, “APED Users vs. Norm,” where only participants taking stimulants, steroids, or both (N=85, which did not include participants not using either type of substance) were compared to normative samples in the literature (Ingram et al., 1995; Spielberger, 1998; Yeun and Shin-Park, 2006). A positive direction means that the norm was higher than our APED using subsample and negative direction means the APED subsample was higher. Effect Size Analyses Cohen’s d was calculated to examine effect sizes for differences between mood means for the APED-using subsample (steroid or stimulant use) and normal populations (Ingram et al., 1995; Spielberger, 1998; Yeun & Shin-Park, 2006). The APED-using subsample in this study had significantly lower scores (Table 1: last column) than norms for all POMS-B negative mood scales, higher than normal ATQ-P positive affect scores, and were not different than norms for vigor/activity or any STAXI anger scales. The magnitudes of the differences in effect size between the APED users and the general population were not different across POMS-B mood subscales, Q(5)=.021, p>.99, nor anger (STAXI) subscales, Q(2)=2.99, p=.23.The grand mean effect size for POMS-B mood was .54, indicating that the APED-using subsample was on average a half standard deviation below the normal population on measures of mood disturbance. For the anger (STAXI) scales the grand mean effect size was .07, thus not different than the general population. Go to: DISCUSSION Steroid users reported less vigor/activity than non-users, and stimulant users reported higher levels of tension/anxiety compared to non-users. Otherwise, for most mood measures there were no differences between steroid and/or stimulant users and non-users. These findings support the idea that mood effects of steroids are idiosyncratic and not commonplace. Results are consistent with previous research that has also failed to find steroid specific effects (Bagatell et al., 1994; Bahrke et al., 1992; Malone et al., 1995; Midgley et al., 2001; O’Connor et al., 2004; Pope HG et al., 2000; Tricker et al., 1996; Yates et al., 1999). The effect of stimulant use on tension/anxiety was consistent with the central nervous system arousal side-effect profiles of these substances (Maglione et al., 2005; Pearce & Himsworth, 1982; Shekelle PG et al., 2003). The higher tension/anxiety in stimulant users may account for some prior reports of mood disturbance in steroid users. Also supporting the idiosyncratic nature of negative APED mood effects, the APED-using subsample scored in normal or below normal ranges on the mood and anger subscales. Indeed, APED users scored lower on all negative mood scales and higher on positive thoughts than the normative samples, but no differently than the norm for anger. It is possible that characteristics of these athletes (e.g. consistent exercise and dietary regimens, goal-directed motivation) were protective against adverse moods. Limitations and Strengths The sample demographics may not be representative of the bodybuilding/weightlifting population, though consistent with previous research in this area. If some subsample of APED users were more likely to experience anger or aggression with APEDs, (e.g. inmates, violent criminals) they may have been missed by web-based recruitment. Additionally, dose was not assessed and the sample was not large enough to sort out mood effects associated with different types of steroids/stimulants. Finally, the entry question for the stimulants section only gave two examples (Xenadrine and T3) in addition to specifying “fat burners and endurance boosters”, and some people may have been using other substances that would fall under this category, but not have thought they applied here if they were not listed as examples. Additionally, we included many preparations in this section that contain high doses of caffeine, but there may have been other ways not on our list in which participants were using high dose caffeine. By utilizing internet technology to assess bodybuilders and weightlifters anonymously about current APED use and mood state this study builds upon prior self-report research that queried over longer retrospective recall periods (Choi & Pope, 1994; Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, & Rochford, 1996; Lefavi, Reeve, & Newland, 1990; Parrott, Choi, & Davies, 1994; Pope & Katz, 1988, 1994) as well as other APED research (Choi, Parrott, & Cowan, 1990; Kouri, Lukas, Pope, & Oliva, 1995; Moss, Panzak, & Tarter, 1992; Perry et al., 2003). This prior research was by necessity limited by the error inherent in longer retrospective recall periods. Additionally, we were able to assess participants from across the United States and around the world, and thus our results do not reflect only local trends. And finally, we were able to recruit participants who might have been unwilling or unable to visit a laboratory setting for face-to-face assessment. Conclusions This study was designed to examine the role of stimulants used in addition to steroids among bodybuilders and weightlifters utilizing a current use and current mood focused cross-sectional internet-based survey of bodybuilders and weightlifters. No adverse mood effects were significantly associated with steroid use, while anxiety/tension was significantly associated with stimulant use. The findings from this study regarding stimulant use suggest these substances are not benign. Their use with steroids may account for some adverse moods, particularly increased anxiety and tension, often associated with steroids. Future natural observation research on steroid mood effects needs to assess and control for stimulant use among APED users. The roles of each of these classes of stimulants in mood changes should be differentiated. Physicians and mental health professionals might also take care to assess the use and psychoactive effects of stimulants in patients having potential APED-related problems. Idiosyncratic negative effects of APEDs on mood may be associated more with stimulant use than with steroid use, despite the congressional and general public focus on steroids in the United States. Go to: Acknowledgments Funded by grants NIDA K02-00390 (Langenbucher), NIAAA, T32 AA07569 (McCrady), and NIAAA T32 AA018108-02 (McCrady). Go to: References Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Matsumoto AM, Rivier JE, Bremner WJ. Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1994;79(2):561–567. doi:10.1210/jcem.79.2.8045977. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bahrke MS, Wright JE, Strauss RH, Catlin DH. Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use. 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[PubMed] [Google Scholar] Formats: Article | PubReader | ePub (beta) | PDF (315K) | Citation Share Share on Facebook FacebookShare on Twitter TwitterShare on Google Plus Google+ Save items View more options Similar articles in PubMed Conditional Effects of Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) Use on Mood in Powerlifters and Bodybuilders. [Alcohol Treat Q. 2015] Stimulant use, religiosity, and the odds of developing or maintaining an alcohol use disorder over time. [J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2013] The effect of recent stimulant use on sustained attention in HIV-infected adults. [J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006] Association of Stimulant Use With Dopaminergic Alterations in Users of Cocaine, Amphetamine, or Methamphetamine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. [JAMA Psychiatry. 2017] Stimulant psychosis: systematic review. [Br J Psychiatry. 2004] See reviews... See all... Cited by other articles in PMC Defining the Construct of Synthetic Androgen Intoxication: An Application of General Brain Arousal [Frontiers in Psychology. 2018] Comparison of the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Performance-Enhancing Drug Users and Nonuser Bodybuilders [Iranian Journal of Psychiatry....] See all... Links PubMed Taxonomy Recent Activity ClearTurn Off Mood Symptoms in Steroid Users: The Unexamined Role of Concurrent Stimulant Use Mood Symptoms in Steroid Users: The Unexamined Role of Concurrent Stimulant Use NIHPA Author Manuscripts. 2016; 21(4)395 See more... Review The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. [Ann Epidemiol. 2014] A national study of substance use behaviors among NCAA male athletes who use banned performance enhancing substances. [Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013] Over-the-counter drug use in gymnasiums: an underrecognized substance abuse problem? [Psychother Psychosom. 2001] Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and amphetamine prevalence in college hockey players: most report performance-enhancing use. [Phys Sportsmed. 2004] Use of nonprescription weight loss products: results from a multistate survey. [JAMA. 2001] Exploring the social image of anabolic steroids users through motivation, sportspersonship orientations and aggression. [Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009] Modeling population heterogeneity in appearance- and performance-enhancing drug (APED) use: applications of mixture modeling in 400 regular APED users. [J Abnorm Psychol. 2007] Review Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. [Horm Behav. 2010] Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. [Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000] Review Androgens, brain, and behavior. [Am J Psychiatry. 1996] Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men. [Biol Psychiatry. 1999] Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers. [Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003] Psychiatric side effects induced by supraphysiological doses of combinations of anabolic steroids correlate to the severity of abuse. [Eur Psychiatry. 2006] See more ... Development, use, and factor analysis of a self-report inventory for mania. [Compr Psychiatry. 1992] See more ... Assessment of positive automatic cognition. [J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988] A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. [J Consult Psychol. 1960] See more ... Verification of the profile of mood states-brief: cross-cultural analysis. [J Clin Psychol. 2006] Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. [Clin J Sport Med. 1995] Verification of the profile of mood states-brief: cross-cultural analysis. [J Clin Psychol. 2006] Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. [J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994] Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use. [Am J Sports Med. 1992] Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. [Clin J Sport Med. 1995] Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroid users. [Med Sci Law. 2001] See more ... Violence toward women and illicit androgenic-anabolic steroid use. [Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994] A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. [Br J Sports Med. 1996] Anabolic steroid use by amateur athletes: effects upon psychological mood states. [J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1994] Review Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use. [Am J Psychiatry. 1988] See more ... Verification of the profile of mood states-brief: cross-cultural analysis. [J Clin Psychol. 2006] Support CenterSupport Center External link. Please review our privacy policy. NLMNIHDHHSUSA.gov National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA Policies and Guidelines | Contact

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EHUG Page protected with pending changes July 27 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the album by Fifth Harmony, see 7/27. << July >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2021 July 27 in recent years 2020 (Monday) 2019 (Saturday) 2018 (Friday) 2017 (Thursday) 2016 (Wednesday) 2015 (Monday) 2014 (Sunday) 2013 (Saturday) 2012 (Friday) 2011 (Wednesday) July 27 is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. 157 days remain until the end of the year. Contents 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links Events 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade. 1202 – Georgian–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum. 1214 – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire. 1299 – According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state. 1302 – Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest. 1549 – The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan. 1663 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act. 1689 – Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.[1] 1694 – A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England. 1775 – Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men." 1778 – American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff. 1789 – The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State). 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution". 1816 – Seminole Wars: The Battle of Negro Fort ends when a hot shot cannonball fired by US Navy Gunboat No. 154 explodes the fort's Powder Magazine, killing approximately 275. It is considered the deadliest single cannon shot in US history. 1857 – Indian Rebellion: Sixty-eight men hold out for eight days against a force of 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying sepoys and 8,000 irregular forces. 1865 – Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina. 1866 – The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. 1880 – Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand: Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan. 1890 – Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later. 1900 – Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, "Hun" would be a disparaging name for Germans. 1917 – World War I: The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele. 1919 – The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period. 1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar. 1929 – The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations. 1940 – The animated short A Wild Hare is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny. 1942 – World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt. 1949 – Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner. 1953 – Cessation of hostilities is achieved in the Korean War when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice. 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty restores Austrian sovereignty. 1955 – El Al Flight 402 is shot down by two fighter jets after straying into Bulgarian air space. All 58 people onboard are killed. 1959 – The Continental League is announced as baseball's "3rd major league" in the United States. 1964 – Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000. 1974 – Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon. 1975 – Mayor of Jaffna and former MP Alfred Duraiappah is shot dead. 1981 – While landing at Chihuahua International Airport, Aeromexico Flight 230 overshoots the runway. Thirty-two of the 66 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 are killed.[2] 1983 – Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days. 1989 – While attempting to land at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, Korean Air Flight 803 crashes just short of the runway. Seventy-five of the 199 passengers and crew and four people on the ground are killed, in the second accident involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks, the first being United Airlines Flight 232. 1990 – The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3. 1990 – The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d'état in Trinidad and Tobago. 1995 – The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.. 1996 – In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics. 1997 – About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria. 2002 – Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 77 and injuring more than 500 others, making it the deadliest air show disaster in history. 2005 – After an incident during STS-114, NASA grounds the Space Shuttle, pending an investigation of the continuing problem with the shedding of foam insulation from the external fuel tank. 2015 – At least seven people are killed and many injured after gunmen attack an Indian police station in Punjab. 2016 – At a news conference, U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump expresses the hope that Russians can recover thirty thousand emails that were deleted from Hillary Clinton's personal server.[3] Births 774 – Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, founder of Esoteric (Shingon) Buddhism (d. 835)[4] 1452 – Ludovico Sforza, Italian son of Francesco I Sforza (d. 1508) 1452 – Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza (d. 1508) 1502 – Francesco Corteccia, Italian composer (d. 1571) 1578 – Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond (d. 1639) 1612 – Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1640) 1625 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672) 1667 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and academic (d. 1748) 1733 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779) 1740 – Jeanne Baré, French explorer (d. 1803) 1741 – François-Hippolyte Barthélémon, French-English violinist and composer (d. 1808) 1752 – Samuel Smith, American general and politician (d. 1839) 1768 – Charlotte Corday, French assassin of Jean-Paul Marat (d. 1793) 1768 – Joseph Anton Koch, Austrian painter (d. 1839) 1773 – Jacob Aall, Norwegian economist and politician (d. 1844) 1777 – Thomas Campbell, Scottish-French poet and academic (d. 1844) 1777 – Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, English general (d. 1853) 1781 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1828) 1784 – Denis Davydov, Russian general and poet (d. 1839) 1812 – Thomas Lanier Clingman, American general and politician (d. 1897) 1818 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest and saint (d. 1902) 1824 – Alexandre Dumas, fils, French novelist and playwright (d. 1895) 1833 – Thomas George Bonney, English geologist, mountaineer, and academic (d. 1923) 1835 – Giosuè Carducci, Italian poet and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907) 1848 – Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist and politician, Minister of Education of Hungary (d. 1919) 1848 – Friedrich Ernst Dorn, German physicist (d.1916) 1853 – Vladimir Korolenko, Ukrainian journalist, author, and activist (d. 1921) 1853 – Elizabeth Plankinton, American philanthropist (d. 1923) 1854 – Takahashi Korekiyo, Japanese accountant and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936) 1857 – José Celso Barbosa, Puerto Rican physician, sociologist, and politician (d. 1921) 1857 – Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge, English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist (d.1934) 1858 – George Lyon, Canadian golfer and cricketer (d. 1938) 1866 – António José de Almeida, Portuguese physician and politician, 6th President of Portugal (d. 1929) 1867 – Enrique Granados, Spanish pianist and composer (d. 1916) 1870 – Hilaire Belloc, French-born British writer and historian (d. 1953) 1872 – Stanislav Binički, Serbian composer, conductor, and pedagogue. (d. 1942) 1879 – Francesco Gaeta, Italian poet (d. 1927) 1877 – Ernő Dohnányi, Hungarian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1960) 1881 – Hans Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) 1882 – Geoffrey de Havilland, English pilot and engineer, founded the de Havilland Aircraft Company (d. 1965) 1886 – Ernst May, German architect and urban planner (d. 1970) 1889 – Vera Karalli, Russian ballerina, choreographer, and actress (d. 1972) 1890 – Benjamin Miessner, American radio engineer and inventor (d. 1976) 1890 – Armas Taipale, Finnish discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1976) 1891 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinarian and academic (d. 1968) 1893 – Ugo Agostoni, Italian cyclist (d. 1941) 1894 – Mientje Kling, Dutch actress (d. 1966) 1896 – Robert George, Scottish air marshal and politician, 24th Governor of South Australia (d. 1967) 1896 – Henri Longchambon, French lawyer and politician (d. 1969) 1899 – Percy Hornibrook, Australian cricketer (d. 1976) 1902 – Yaroslav Halan, Ukrainian playwright and publicist (d. 1949) 1903 – Nikolay Cherkasov, Russian actor (d. 1966) 1903 – Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek jurist and politician, President of Greece (d. 2002) 1903 – Mārtiņš Zīverts, Latvian playwright (d. 1990) 1904 – Lyudmila Rudenko, Soviet chess player (d. 1986) 1905 – Leo Durocher, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991) 1906 – Jerzy Giedroyc, Polish author and activist (d. 2000) 1906 – Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist and neurologist (d. 1999) 1907 – Ross Alexander, American stage and film actor (d. 1937) 1907 – Carl McClellan Hill, American educator and academic administrator (d. 1995) 1907 – Irene Fischer, Austrian-American geodesist and mathematician (d. 2009) 1908 – Joseph Mitchell, American journalist and author (d. 1996) 1910 – Julien Gracq, French author and critic (d. 2007) 1910 – Lupita Tovar, Mexican-American actress (d. 2016) 1911 – Rayner Heppenstall, English author and poet (d. 1981) 1912 – Vernon Elliott, English bassoon player, composer, and conductor (d. 1996) 1913 – George L. Street III, American captain, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2000) 1914 – August Sang, Estonian poet and translator (d. 1969) 1915 – Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (d. 1982) 1915 – Josef Priller, German colonel and pilot (d. 1961) 1916 – Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic, novelist, and short story writer (d. 2007) 1916 – Skippy Williams, American saxophonist and arranger (d. 1994) 1916 – Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986) 1918 – Leonard Rose, American cellist and educator (d. 1984) 1920 – Henry D. "Homer" Haynes, American comedian and musician (d. 1971) 1921 – Garry Davis, American pilot and activist, created the World Passport (d. 2013) 1921 – Émile Genest, Canadian-American actor (d. 2003) 1922 – Adolfo Celi, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1986) 1922 – Norman Lear, American screenwriter and producer 1923 – Mas Oyama, South Korean-Japanese martial artist (d. 1994) 1924 – Vincent Canby, American historian and critic (d. 2000) 1924 – Otar Taktakishvili, Georgian composer and conductor (d. 1989) 1927 – Guy Carawan, American singer and musicologist (d. 2015) 1927 – Pierre Granier-Deferre, French director and screenwriter (d. 2007) 1927 – Will Jordan, American comedian and actor (d. 2018) 1927 – C. Rajadurai, Sri Lankan journalist and politician, 1st Mayor of Batticaloa 1927 – John Seigenthaler, American journalist and academic (d. 2014) 1928 – Joseph Kittinger, American colonel and pilot 1929 – Jean Baudrillard, French sociologist and philosopher (d. 2007) 1929 – Harvey Fuqua, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2010) 1929 – Jack Higgins, English author and academic 1929 – Marc Wilkinson, French-Australian composer and conductor 1930 – Joy Whitby, English director, producer, and screenwriter 1930 – Shirley Williams, English academic and politician, Secretary of State for Education 1931 – Khieu Samphan, Cambodian academic and politician, 28th Prime Minister of Cambodia 1931 – Jerry Van Dyke, American actor (d. 2018) 1932 – Forest Able, American basketball player 1932 – Diane Webber, American model, dancer and actress 1933 – Nick Reynolds, American singer and bongo player (d. 2008) 1933 – Ted Whitten, Australian footballer and journalist (d. 1995) 1935 – Hillar Kärner, Estonian chess player 1935 – Billy McCullough, Northern Irish footballer 1936 – J. Robert Hooper, American businessman and politician (d. 2008) 1937 – Anna Dawson, English actress and singer 1937 – Don Galloway, American actor (d. 2009) 1937 – Robert Holmes à Court, South African-Australian businessman and lawyer (d. 1990) 1938 – Gary Gygax, American game designer, co-created Dungeons & Dragons (d. 2008) 1939 – William Eggleston, American photographer and academic 1939 – Michael Longley, Northern Irish poet and academic 1939 – Paulo Silvino, Brazilian comedian, composer and actor (d. 2017) 1940 – Pina Bausch, German dancer and choreographer (d. 2009) 1941 – Christian Boesch, Austrian opera singer 1941 – Johannes Fritsch, German viola player and composer (d. 2010) 1942 – Édith Butler, Canadian singer-songwriter 1942 – John Pleshette, American actor, director, and screenwriter 1942 – Dennis Ralston, American tennis player 1943 – Jeremy Greenstock, English diplomat, British Ambassador to the United Nations 1944 – Bobbie Gentry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1944 – Jean-Marie Leblanc, French cyclist and journalist 1944 – Barbara Thomson, English saxophonist and composer 1946 – Peter Reading, English poet and author (d. 2011) 1947 – Kazuyoshi Miura, Japanese businessman (d. 2008) 1947 – Giora Spiegel, Israeli footballer and coach[5] 1947 – Betty Thomas, American actress, director, and producer 1948 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater and sportscaster 1948 – James Munby, English lawyer and judge 1948 – Henny Vrienten, Dutch singer-songwriter and bass player 1949 – Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (d. 2010) 1949 – André Dupont, Canadian ice hockey player and coach 1949 – Rory MacDonald, Scottish singer-songwriter and bass player 1949 – Maureen McGovern, American singer and actress 1949 – Robert Rankin, English author and illustrator 1950 – Simon Jones, English actor 1951 – Roseanna Cunningham, Scottish lawyer and politician, Minister for Community Safety and Legal Affairs 1951 – Bob Diamond, American-English banker and businessman 1951 – Rolf Thung, Dutch tennis player 1952 – Marvin Barnes, American basketball player (d. 2014) 1952 – Roxanne Hart, American actress 1953 – Chung Dong-young, South Korean journalist and politician, 31st South Korean Minister of Unification 1953 – Yahoo Serious, Australian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter 1954 – Philippe Alliot, French race car driver and sportscaster 1954 – G. S. Bali, Indian lawyer and politician 1954 – Mark Stanway, English keyboard player 1954 – Ricardo Uceda, Peruvian journalist and author 1955 – Cat Bauer, American journalist, author, and playwright 1955 – Allan Border, Australian cricketer and coach 1955 – John Howell, English journalist and politician 1955 – Bobby Rondinelli, American drummer 1956 – Carol Leifer, American actress, comedian, screenwriter, and producer 1957 – Bill Engvall, American comedian, actor, and producer 1958 – Christopher Dean, English figure skater and choreographer 1958 – Kimmo Hakola, Finnish composer 1959 – Joe DeSa, American baseball player (d. 1986) 1959 – Hugh Green, American football player 1959 – Yiannos Papantoniou, French-Greek economist and politician, Greek Minister of National Defence 1960 – Jo Durie, English tennis player and sportscaster 1960 – Conway Savage, Australian singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2018) 1960 – Emily Thornberry, English lawyer and politician 1961 – Ed Orgeron, American football coach[6] 1962 – Neil Brooks, Australian swimmer 1962 – Karl Mueller, American bass player (d. 2005) 1963 – Donnie Yen, Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer, and martial artist 1964 – Rex Brown, American bass player and songwriter 1965 – José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan footballer 1966 – Steve Tilson, English footballer and manager 1967 – Rahul Bose, Indian journalist, actor, director, and screenwriter 1967 – Juliana Hatfield, American singer-songwriter and musician 1967 – Hans Mathisen, Norwegian guitarist and composer 1967 – Neil Smith, English cricketer 1967 – Craig Wolanin, American ice hockey player 1968 – Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Italian actress and producer 1968 – Tom Goodwin, American baseball player and coach 1968 – Sabina Jeschke, Swedish-German engineer and academic 1968 – Julian McMahon, Australian actor and producer 1968 – Ricardo Rosset, Brazilian race car driver 1969 – Triple H, American wrestler and actor 1969 – Jonty Rhodes, South African cricketer and coach 1970 – Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Danish actor and producer 1970 – David Davies, English-Welsh politician 1971 – Matthew Johns, Australian rugby league player, sportscaster and television host 1971 – Anna Menconi, Italian Paralympic archer[7] 1972 – Clint Robinson, Australian kayaker[8] 1972 – Maya Rudolph, American actress 1972 – Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Malaysian surgeon and astronaut 1973 – Cassandra Clare, American journalist and author 1973 – Erik Nys, Belgian long jumper 1973 – Gorden Tallis, Australian rugby league player and coach 1974 – Eason Chan, Hong Kong singer, actor, and producer 1974 – Pete Yorn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1975 – Serkan Çeliköz, Turkish keyboard player and songwriter 1975 – Shea Hillenbrand, American baseball player 1975 – Fred Mascherino, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1975 – Alessandro Pistone, Italian footballer 1975 – Alex Rodriguez, American baseball player 1976 – Demis Hassabis, English computer scientist and academic 1976 – Scott Mason, Australian cricketer (d. 2005) 1977 – Foo Swee Chin, Singaporean illustrator 1977 – Björn Dreyer, German footballer 1977 – Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Irish actor 1978 – Diarmuid O'Sullivan, Irish hurler and manager 1979 – Marielle Franco, Brazilian politician, feminist, and human rights activist (d. 2018) 1979 – Jorge Arce, Mexican boxer 1979 – Sidney Govou, French footballer 1979 – Shannon Moore, American wrestler and singer 1980 – Allan Davis, Australian cyclist 1980 – Wesley Gonzales, Filipino basketball player 1981 – Susan King Borchardt, American basketball player 1981 – Collins Obuya, Kenyan cricketer 1981 – Dash Snow, American painter and photographer (d. 2009) 1981 – Christopher Weselek, German rugby player 1982 – Neil Harbisson, English-Catalan painter, composer, and activist 1983 – Lorik Cana, Albanian footballer 1983 – Martijn Maaskant, Dutch cyclist 1983 – Goran Pandev, Macedonian footballer 1983 – Soccor Velho, Indian footballer (d. 2013) 1984 – Antoine Bethea, American football player 1984 – Tsuyoshi Nishioka, Japanese baseball player 1984 – Max Scherzer, American baseball player 1984 – Taylor Schilling, American actress 1984 – Kenny Wormald, American actor, dancer, and choreographer 1985 – Husain Abdullah, American football player 1985 – Matteo Pratichetti, Italian rugby player 1985 – Ajmal Shahzad, English cricketer 1986 – DeMarre Carroll, American basketball player 1986 – Ryan Flaherty, American baseball player 1986 – Ryan Griffen, Australian footballer 1987 – Jacoby Ford, American football player 1987 – Marek Hamšík, Slovak footballer 1987 – Jordan Hill, American basketball player 1987 – Sarah Parsons, American ice hockey player 1988 – Adam Biddle, Australian footballer 1988 – Yoervis Medina, Venezuelan baseball player 1988 – Ryan Tannehill, American football player[9] 1989 – Maya Ali, Pakistani actress 1990 – Nick Hogan, American race car driver and actor 1990 – Paolo Hurtado, Peruvian footballer 1990 – Cheyenne Kimball, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1990 – Stephen Li-Chung Kuo, Taiwanese-American figure skater 1990 – Kriti Sanon, Indian actress 1993 – Reagan Campbell-Gillard, Australian rugby league player[10] 1993 – Max Power, English footballer[11] 1993 – Jordan Spieth, American golfer[12] Deaths 903 – Abdallah II of Ifriqiya, Aghlabid emir 959 – Chai Rong, emperor of Later Zhou 1144 – Salomea of Berg, High Duchess consort of Poland 1061 – Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church 1101 – Conrad II, king of Italy (b. 1074) 1101 – Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester (b. c. 1047) 1158 – Geoffrey VI, Count of Anjou (b. 1134) 1276 – James I of Aragon (b. 1208) 1365 – Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1339) 1382 – Joanna I of Naples (b. 1326) 1510 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian condottiere (b. 1466) 1469 – William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1423) 1656 – Salomo Glassius, German theologian and critic (b. 1593) 1675 – Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French general (b. 1611) 1689 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (b. c. 1648)[13] 1759 – Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1698) 1770 – Robert Dinwiddie, Scottish merchant and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1693) 1841 – Mikhail Lermontov, Russian poet and painter (b. 1814) 1844 – John Dalton, English physicist, meteorologist, and chemist (b. 1776) 1863 – William Lowndes Yancey, American journalist and politician (b. 1813) 1865 – Jean-Joseph Dassy, French painter and lithographer (b. 1791) 1875 – Aleksander Kunileid, Estonian composer and educator (b. 1845) 1876 – Albertus van Raalte, Dutch-born American minister and author (b. 1811) 1883 – Montgomery Blair, American lieutenant and politician, 20th United States Postmaster General (b. 1813) 1916 – Charles Fryatt, English captain (b. 1872) 1916 – William Jonas, English footballer (d. 1890) 1917 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1841) 1921 – Myrddin Fardd, Welsh writer and antiquarian scholar (b. 1836) 1924 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1866) 1931 – Auguste Forel, Swiss neuroanatomist and psychiatrist (b. 1848) 1938 – Tom Crean, Irish seaman and explorer (b. 1877) 1941 – Alfred Henry O'Keeffe, New Zealand painter and educator (b. 1858) 1942 – Karl Pärsimägi, Estonian painter (b. 1902) 1946 – Gertrude Stein, American novelist, poet, and playwright (b. 1874) 1948 – Woolf Barnato, English race car driver and businessman (b. 1898) 1948 – Joe Tinker, American baseball player and manager (b. 1880) 1948 – Dorothea Bleek, South African anthropologist and philologist (b. 1873) 1951 – Paul Kogerman, Estonian chemist and politician, 22nd Estonian Minister of Education (b. 1891) 1958 – Claire Lee Chennault, American general and pilot (b. 1893) 1960 – Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish-Swiss astronomer and academic (b. 1890) 1962 – Richard Aldington, English poet and author (b. 1892) 1962 – James H. Kindelberger, American pilot and businessman (b. 1895) 1963 – Hooks Dauss, American baseball player (b. 1889) 1963 – Garrett Morgan, American inventor (b. 1877) 1964 – Winifred Lenihan, American actress, writer, and director (b. 1898) 1965 – Daniel-Rops, French historian and author (b. 1901) 1968 – Babe Adams, American baseball player and manager (b. 1882) 1970 – António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese economist and politician, 100th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1889) 1971 – Charlie Tully, Irish footballer and manager (b. 1924) 1975 – Alfred Duraiappah, Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician (d. 1926)[14] 1978 – Bob Heffron, New Zealand-Australian miner and politician, 30th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1890) 1978 – Willem van Otterloo, Dutch cellist, composer, and conductor (b. 1907) 1980 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iranian king (b. 1919) 1981 – William Wyler, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1902) 1981 – Elizabeth Rona, Hungarian American nuclear chemist (b. 1890)[15] 1984 – James Mason, English actor (b. 1909) 1985 – Smoky Joe Wood, American baseball player and coach (b. 1889) 1987 – Travis Jackson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1903) 1988 – Frank Zamboni, American inventor and businessman, founded the Zamboni Company (b. 1901) 1990 – Bobby Day, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1928) 1990 – René Toribio, Guadeloupean politician (b. 1912) 1991 – John Friedrich, German-Australian engineer and conman (b. 1950) 1992 – Max Dupain, Australian photographer and educator (b. 1911) 1992 – Tzeni Karezi, Greek actress and screenwriter 1993 – Reggie Lewis, American basketball player (b. 1965) 1994 – Kevin Carter, South African photographer and journalist (b. 1960) 1995 – Melih Esenbel, Turkish politician and diplomat, 20th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1915) 1995 – Rick Ferrell, American baseball player and coach (b. 1905) 1995 – Miklós Rózsa, Hungarian-American composer and conductor (b. 1907) 1998 – Binnie Barnes, English-American actress (b. 1903) 1999 – Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Russian mathematician, physicist, and mountaineer (b. 1912) 1999 – Harry Edison, American trumpet player (b. 1915) 2000 – Gordon Solie, American sportscaster (b. 1929) 2001 – Rhonda Sing, Canadian wrestler (b. 1961) 2001 – Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (b. 1952) 2003 – Vance Hartke, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (b. 1919) 2003 – Bob Hope, English-American actor, comedian, television personality, and businessman (b. 1903)[16] 2005 – Al Held, American painter and academic (b. 1928) 2005 – Marten Toonder, Dutch author and illustrator (b. 1912) 2006 – Maryann Mahaffey, American academic and politician (b. 1925) 2007 – James Oyebola, Nigerian-English boxer (b. 1961) 2008 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926) 2008 – Horst Stein, German-born Swiss conductor (b. 1928) 2008 – Isaac Saba Raffoul, Mexican businessman (b. 1923) 2010 – Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (b. 1949) 2010 – Jack Tatum, American football player (b. 1948) 2012 – Norman Alden, American actor (b. 1924) 2012 – R. G. Armstrong, American actor and playwright (b. 1917) 2012 – Darryl Cotton, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1949) 2012 – Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (b. 1944) 2012 – Tony Martin, American actor and singer (b. 1913) 2012 – Jack Taylor, English footballer and referee (b. 1930) 2013 – Fernando Alonso, Cuban dancer, co-founded the Cuban National Ballet (b. 1914) 2013 – Lindy Boggs, American politician and diplomat, 5th United States Ambassador to the Holy See (b. 1916) 2013 – Bud Day, American colonel and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1925) 2013 – Kidd Kraddick, American radio host (b. 1959) 2013 – Ilya Segalovich, Russian businessman, co-founded Yandex (b. 1964) 2014 – Richard Bolt, New Zealand air marshal and pilot (b. 1923) 2014 – George Freese, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926) 2014 – Wallace Jones, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926) 2014 – Francesco Marchisano, Italian cardinal (b. 1929) 2014 – Paul Schell, American lawyer and politician, 50th Mayor of Seattle (b. 1937) 2015 – Rickey Grundy, American singer-songwriter (b. 1959) 2015 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Indian engineer, academic, and politician, 11th President of India (b. 1931)[17] 2015 – Samuel Pisar, Polish-born American lawyer and author (b. 1929) 2015 – Anthony Shaw, English general (b. 1930) 2016 – Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer (b.1928)[18] 2016 – James Alan McPherson, American short story writer and essayist (b. 1943)[19] 2016 – Jerry Doyle, American actor and talk show host (b. 1956)[20] 2016 – Piet de Jong, Dutch politician and naval officer, Minister of Defence (1963–67), Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1967–71) (b. 1915)[21] 2017 – Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director (b.1943)[22] 2018 – Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian literature critic, television host and sexologist[23] Holidays and observances Christian feast day: Arethas (Western Christianity) Aurelius and Natalia and companions of the Martyrs of Córdoba. Maurus, Pantalemon, and Sergius Pantaleon Seven Sleepers of Ephesus (Roman Martyrology) National Sleepy Head Day (Finland) Theobald of Marly Blessed Titus Brandsma, O.Carm. July 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War (North Korea) Iglesia ni Cristo Day (the Philippines) José Celso Barbosa Day (Puerto Rico) Martyrs and Wounded Soldiers Day (Vietnam) References Jeremy Black (1994). European Warfare, 1660-1815. Taylor & Francis. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-85728-173-6. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 XA-DEN Chihuahua-Gen Fierro Villalobos Airport (CUU)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-07-25. Levingston, Ivan (27 July 2016). "Trump: I hope Russia finds 'the 30,000 emails that are missing'". CNBC. Retrieved 25 July 2020. Hakeda Yoshito S. (1972). Kūkai : Major Works. Columbia University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-23103-627-6. "Past players". Maccabi Tel Aviv. "Ed Orgeron". LSU Tigers. Retrieved 20 March 2020. "Anna Menconi". www.coni.it. Retrieved 15 August 2020. "Clint Robinson". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 19 April 2020. "Ryan Tannehill". ESPN. Retrieved 30 October 2020. "Reagan Campbell-Gillard". Parramatta Eels. Retrieved 30 October 2020. "Max Power". Sunderland Association Football Club. Retrieved 30 October 2020. "Jordan Spieth | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2020. Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Killiecrankie (BTL12)". Retrieved 19 June 2020. Hoole, Rajan (12 May 2016). "The Murder Of Alfred Duraiappah". Colombo Telegraph. Retrieved 25 July 2020. Brucer, M (January 1982). "Elizabeth Rona (1891?-1981)" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 23 (1): 78–9. PMID 7033484. Retrieved 25 July 2020. Zoglin, Richard (November 30, 2017). "This Is Bob Hope… Biography". PBS. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2020. "Remembering APJ Abdul Kalam: Five stories on the Missile Man's legacy". The Indian Express. 27 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2020. Huuhtanen, Matti (28 July 2016). "Einojuhani Rautavaara, acclaimed Finnish composer, dies at 87". The Washington Post. Roberts, Sam (July 27, 2016). "James Alan McPherson, Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writer, Dies at 72". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2016. Bacle, Ariana (July 28, 2016). "Jerry Doyle, Babylon 5 star, dies". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 28, 2016. "P.J.S. (Piet) de Jong". parlement.com (in Dutch). Deb, Sopan. "Sam Shepard, Pulitzer-Winning Playwright and Actor, Is Dead at 73". The New York Times (July 31, 2017). Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017. "Marco Aurelio Denegri falleció a los 80 años tras una fibrosis pulmonar". La República (in Spanish). July 27, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to July 27. "On This Day". BBC. The New York Times: On This Day "Historical Events on July 27". OnThisDay.com. "Today in Canadian History". 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