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aqbuc NCBINCBI Logo Skip to main content Skip to navigation Resources How To About NCBI Accesskeys PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search database PMC Search term Search Advanced Journal listHelp COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/ Journal ListHHS Author ManuscriptsPMC4979577 Logo of nihpa J Subst Use. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 Jan 1. Published in final edited form as: J Subst Use. 2016; 21(4): 395–399. Published online 2015 Sep 18. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1040089 PMCID: PMC4979577 NIHMSID: NIHMS760791 PMID: 27524938 Mood Symptoms in Steroid Users: The Unexamined Role of Concurrent Stimulant Use Pilar M. Sanjuan, Ph.D. Pilar M. Sanjuan, Fellow: The University of New Mexico, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, 2650 Yale Boulevard, SE, MSC11-6280, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; James L. Langenbucher, Ph.D., Associate Professor James L. Langenbucher, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Tom Hildebrandt, PsyD, Associate Professor Tom Hildebrandt, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA; Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Subst Use See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Go to: INTRODUCTION Appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) include a range of illicit, prescription, and over-the-counter preparations used to increase lean body-mass in order to attain idealized physiques and improve athletic performance (Thomas Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, Carr, & Sanjuan, 2007). Most APED users are polydrug users engaging in “stacking,” taking several drugs from different categories concurrently and sequentially over 8-10 week time blocks (Dodge & Hoagland, 2011). This study focuses on two APED categories: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (referred to simply as “steroids” in this article) and Thermogenic and Ergogenic Drugs (stimulants). Substances in the steroids group include numerous synthetic testosterone derivatives varying in half-lives and metabolite ratios. Stimulants used in this capacity include fat-burning and energy-boosting drugs (Coffey, Steiner, Baker, & Allison, 2004; Maglione et al., 2005; Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, & et al, 2003; Sjöqvist, Garle, & Rane, 2008). Common stimulants include liothyronine (thyroid hormone), clenbuterol (illicit in the U.S.), synephrine, ephedra, ephedrine, theophylline, and caffeine (Thomas Hildebrandt, Harty, & Langenbucher, 2012; Thomas Hildebrandt et al., 2007). When used as medically indicated, these stimulants have less dramatic mood effects than stimulants better associated with misuse (e.g. methamphetamine.) Prevalence Prevalence rates of steroid use range from 1.5% of 12th graders (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2012), 6.4% of adult males, 13.4% of athletes, to 18.4% among recreational sports people (Sagoe, Molde, Andreassen, Torsheim, & Pallesen, 2014). The prevalence of APED stimulant use is more complicated as these include common substances (e.g. caffeine) as well as prescription-only medications. Rates of stimulant use are higher among athletes using of other types of APEDs (Buckman, Farris, & Yusko, 2013) ranging from 28% to 56% compared to non-APED users. Other research has found rates ranging from 25% for ephedrine (Kanayama, Gruber, Pope, Jr., Borowiecki, & Hudson, 2001) to 58% for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or amphetamine (Bents, Tokish, & Goldberg, 2004) among athletes and 7% for non-prescription weight loss products in the general population (Blanck H, Khan L, & Serdula MK, 2001). Mood Effects There is widespread popular belief that the use of steroids routinely results in powerful episodes of anger and violence termed “roid rage” (Chantal, Soubranne, & Brunel, 2009). However, researchers in this field agree that such negative mood effects are more likely to be rare and difficult to predict (Thomas Hildebrandt et al., 2007; Kanayama, Hudson, & Pope, 2009; Pope HG, Jr, Kouri EM, & Hudson JI, 2000; Rubinow & Schmidt, 1996; Yates, Perry, MacIndoe, Holman, & Ellingrod, 1999). Prior research has found adverse psychological effects of steroids including anger, aggressiveness, depression, and mania (Daly et al., 2003; Pagonis, Angelopoulos, Koukoulis, & Hadjichristodoulou, 2006; Su T et al., 1993; Yates, Perry, & Murray, 1992). Positive effects may include enhanced self-esteem, vigor, libido, perceived power, and concentration (Tom Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, Carr, Sanjuan, & Park, 2006). However, many studies have failed to find any psychoactive effects associated with steroid use (Bagatell, Heiman, Matsumoto, Rivier, & Bremner, 1994; Bahrke, Wright, Strauss, & Catlin, 1992; Malone, Dimeff, Lombardo, & Sample, 1995; Midgley, Heather, & Davies, 2001; O’Connor, Archer, & Wu, 2004; Tricker et al., 1996; Yates et al., 1999), supporting the idea that steroid mood effects are idiosyncratic. An understanding of the variables associated with APED-related mood disturbance is critical for identifying high risk individuals and for developing treatments. Most research on APED-induced mood effects focuses solely on steroids and does not examine concurrently used drugs (e.g. stimulants). This study was designed to assess the effects of stimulant use on mood effects as a potential variable underlying the idiosyncratic nature of steroid-associated negative mood effects. We also tried to minimize retrospective memory errors by only assessing current mood. In accordance with research finding mood effects associated with steroid use, we hypothesized that current steroid and stimulant use each would be associated with (1) increased vigor, mania, anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion and (2) decreased positive affect. Go to: METHODS Links from internet websites that primarily focused on bodybuilding, weightlifting, or using steroids, and also from search engines, led to our internet-accessible survey, which was located on the Rutgers University website. These links were identified as leading to a “Rutgers survey on training practices and mood.” All participants initially followed this link to a Rutgers Institutional Review Board-approved consent form and clicked on second link at the bottom of this page to indicate consent. The entire protocol of the study was approved by the Rutgers Institutional Review Board. Participants Participants were 122 male weightlifters and bodybuilders, mean age of 32 (19-57, SD = 8.68), who anonymously followed the consent link. Females were targeted as well as males, but only males reached a sample size that could be analyzed. Participants did not need to have used APEDs to enroll, but, because the survey was linked to some websites with steroid-related content, many had used them. Participants did not receive any financial compensation for completing the survey. Eight participants who completed the survey were excluding for missing data. There were no other exclusion criteria. Measures The questionnaire began with demographic questions and then presented the following mood scales, each adapted to query the past 24-hours. Participants rated current moods prior to reporting current drug use. Questions about weight-training were interwoven between mood questionnaires. Anger The Revised State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2:Spielberger, 1998) State-Anger scale assesses the intensity of anger at a particular time, and has been used extensively in research on health and anger. It has 3 subscales: Feelings, Verbal, and Physical. Mania The Self-Report Manic Inventory (SRMI; Shugar, Schertzer, Toner, & di Gasbarro, 1992) has been found more sensitive than other measures to euthymic and hypomanic fluctuations (Cooke, Krüger, & Shugar, 1996). Mood The Profile of Mood States – Brief (POMS-B; McNair & Heuchert, 2005), the only authorized short version of the POMS, has six factors: tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, anger/hostility, vigor/activity, fatigue/inertia, and confusion/bewilderment. Positive Mood The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire – Positive (ATQ-P; Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988), measures the occurrence of positive self-relevant cognitions. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-CSDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were included as covariates, to control for the desire to look good and trait affect. Mood scales were followed by sections developed specifically for this study assessing current steroid and stimulant use, dietary and sleep habits, use of other medications, and prior physical or psychiatric diagnoses. The entry question to the steroids section was, “Have you ever used anabolic steroids?” For participants who answered “yes,” this was followed by further questions about specific drugs used and patterns of use. The entry question to the stimulants section was “Have you ever used fat burners or endurance boosters such as Xenadrine or T3?” For participants answering “yes,” this was again followed by further questions about drugs and patterns of use. Data Analysis The main goal was to identify mood effects associated with steroids and stimulants. Because steroids have a long half-life and most stimulants have a comparatively short half-life, participants were considered currently on steroids if they had used them in the past 14 days and as currently on stimulants if they had used them in the past 24 hours. Analyses consisted of 2 × 2 analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) for drug use status (current steroid by current stimulant) for each mood scale. We controlled for social desirability, trait affect, age, marital status, employment, income, exercise recency, and prior night’s sleep. In addition, effect sizes were examined (Cohen’s d) for steroid and stimulant use on mood as compared to normative population scores for the POMS-B (Yeun & Shin-Park, 2006), ATQ (Ingram, Kendall, Siegle, Guarino, & McLaughlin, 1995), and STAXI (Spielberger, 1998). Go to: RESULTS Demographics Of 236 individuals who clicked the survey link, 225 consented, 135 completed the survey, 130 were male, and 122 had complete data for these analyses. Eight-four percent of participants resided in the United States, 45% were married, 75% were employed full-time, 40% had a college degree, and another 16% held graduate degrees. The majority of the participants were Caucasian (93%). Sixty-two percent of participants identified their training goal as a bodybuilding, while 36% identified it as weight-lifting. Participants averaged 97 (SD = 14.3, Range = 63-141) kilograms with a body mass index of 30 (SD = 3.8, Range 22-44) and fat-free mass index (FFMI – determined by height, weight, and self-reported body fat percentage (Kouri et al., 1995b) of 25 (SD = 3.2, Range 18-36). They were experienced APED users: 87% (N=106) reporting lifetime use of steroids for an average 3.6 years (SD = 4.28) and 80% (N=97) reporting lifetime use of stimulants for an average 3.5 years (SD = 4.1). Thirty-one percent (N=38) of the sample was not currently taking steroids or stimulants, 30% (N=37) were currently taking only steroids, 18% (N=22) were currently taking only stimulants, and 21% (N=25) were currently taking both steroids and stimulants. Internal Consistency Internal consistency for the measures in our sample was good and ranged from 0.77 to 0.94 as follows, for the STAXI-2: α=0.94, SRMI: α=0.85, POMS: α=0.90, ATQ-P: α=0.94, M-CSDS: α=0.77 and PANAS: α=0.83.. ANCOVAs The overall F-tests for all ANCOVA models were significant (p<.001), with significant main effects (p<.025) for stimulant use on Tension/Anxiety and for steroid use on Vigor/Activity. Participants using stimulants scored higher on Tension/Anxiety than those not using stimulants and participants using steroids scored lower on Vigor/Activity than non-users. No interaction effects were found for stimulants by steroids, but these were included in the models in Table 1. Table1 Mood Scales by APED Use Mood Measure Stimulants Steroids Overall Model APED Users vs. Norm No Yes No Yes F d SRMI - Mania 9.6(6.4) 10.9(5.8) 11.0(6.6) 9.0(5.7) 3.98c N/A POMS-B Tension/Anxiety 2.9(3.0)a 3.4(3.8)a 3.0(3.1) 3.1(3.2) 11.27c .74c Depression/Dejection 2.1(3.0) 2.5(4.5) 2.0(3.1) 2.3(4.1) 15.62c .42b Anger/Hostility 3.3(3.6) 2.7(3.9) 3.0(3.2) 3.1(4.2) 6.94c .61c Vigor/Activity 9.0(4.2) 10.5(5.0) 10.5(4.2)a 8.6(4.7)a 9.34c .07 Fatigue/Inertia 4.8(3.5) 4.2(4.5) 4.4(4.0) 4.7(3.9) 3.42c .83c Confusion/ Bewilderment 3.2(2.2) 3.7(2.8) 3.3(2.5) 3.3(2.4) 6.05c .54c ATQ - Positive Affect 110(13.8) 113(17.8) 113(13.1) 109(17.2) 19.46c 1.81c STAXI-2 Anger Feelings 7.5(2.7) 7.2(2.8) 7.2(2.5) 7.6(3.0) 4.49c −.08 Anger Verbal 7.4(2.7) 7.1(3.4 7.6(3.7) 7.0(2.9) 2.90c −.20 Anger Physical 6.0(2.8) 5.5(1.9) 5.9(2.2) 5.8(2.8) 3.87c .08 Total Anger 21(7.8) 19.8(7.4) 20.7(7.4) 20.3(7.9) 4.26c −.08 Note. F = F-value, ap<.025, bp<.01, cp<.001, APED = Appearance and performance enhancing drug, SRMI = The Self-Report Manic Inventory, POMS-B = The Profile of Mood States- Brief, ATQ = The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, STAXI-2 = The Revised State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. In order to correct for multiple comparisons, alpha was set at p<.025 (N=122). Means and standard deviations listed above are raw. Social desirability, trait affect, age, marital status, employment, income, recency of exercise, and hours of last sleep correlated with dependent variables and were included as covariates in the analyses. Other potential covariates measured did not have sufficient variance in the sample to account for variance in the final models, and so were not included. Cohen’s d was calculated for the effect sizes in the final column, “APED Users vs. Norm,” where only participants taking stimulants, steroids, or both (N=85, which did not include participants not using either type of substance) were compared to normative samples in the literature (Ingram et al., 1995; Spielberger, 1998; Yeun and Shin-Park, 2006). A positive direction means that the norm was higher than our APED using subsample and negative direction means the APED subsample was higher. Effect Size Analyses Cohen’s d was calculated to examine effect sizes for differences between mood means for the APED-using subsample (steroid or stimulant use) and normal populations (Ingram et al., 1995; Spielberger, 1998; Yeun & Shin-Park, 2006). The APED-using subsample in this study had significantly lower scores (Table 1: last column) than norms for all POMS-B negative mood scales, higher than normal ATQ-P positive affect scores, and were not different than norms for vigor/activity or any STAXI anger scales. The magnitudes of the differences in effect size between the APED users and the general population were not different across POMS-B mood subscales, Q(5)=.021, p>.99, nor anger (STAXI) subscales, Q(2)=2.99, p=.23.The grand mean effect size for POMS-B mood was .54, indicating that the APED-using subsample was on average a half standard deviation below the normal population on measures of mood disturbance. For the anger (STAXI) scales the grand mean effect size was .07, thus not different than the general population. Go to: DISCUSSION Steroid users reported less vigor/activity than non-users, and stimulant users reported higher levels of tension/anxiety compared to non-users. Otherwise, for most mood measures there were no differences between steroid and/or stimulant users and non-users. These findings support the idea that mood effects of steroids are idiosyncratic and not commonplace. Results are consistent with previous research that has also failed to find steroid specific effects (Bagatell et al., 1994; Bahrke et al., 1992; Malone et al., 1995; Midgley et al., 2001; O’Connor et al., 2004; Pope HG et al., 2000; Tricker et al., 1996; Yates et al., 1999). The effect of stimulant use on tension/anxiety was consistent with the central nervous system arousal side-effect profiles of these substances (Maglione et al., 2005; Pearce & Himsworth, 1982; Shekelle PG et al., 2003). The higher tension/anxiety in stimulant users may account for some prior reports of mood disturbance in steroid users. Also supporting the idiosyncratic nature of negative APED mood effects, the APED-using subsample scored in normal or below normal ranges on the mood and anger subscales. Indeed, APED users scored lower on all negative mood scales and higher on positive thoughts than the normative samples, but no differently than the norm for anger. It is possible that characteristics of these athletes (e.g. consistent exercise and dietary regimens, goal-directed motivation) were protective against adverse moods. Limitations and Strengths The sample demographics may not be representative of the bodybuilding/weightlifting population, though consistent with previous research in this area. If some subsample of APED users were more likely to experience anger or aggression with APEDs, (e.g. inmates, violent criminals) they may have been missed by web-based recruitment. Additionally, dose was not assessed and the sample was not large enough to sort out mood effects associated with different types of steroids/stimulants. Finally, the entry question for the stimulants section only gave two examples (Xenadrine and T3) in addition to specifying “fat burners and endurance boosters”, and some people may have been using other substances that would fall under this category, but not have thought they applied here if they were not listed as examples. Additionally, we included many preparations in this section that contain high doses of caffeine, but there may have been other ways not on our list in which participants were using high dose caffeine. By utilizing internet technology to assess bodybuilders and weightlifters anonymously about current APED use and mood state this study builds upon prior self-report research that queried over longer retrospective recall periods (Choi & Pope, 1994; Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, & Rochford, 1996; Lefavi, Reeve, & Newland, 1990; Parrott, Choi, & Davies, 1994; Pope & Katz, 1988, 1994) as well as other APED research (Choi, Parrott, & Cowan, 1990; Kouri, Lukas, Pope, & Oliva, 1995; Moss, Panzak, & Tarter, 1992; Perry et al., 2003). This prior research was by necessity limited by the error inherent in longer retrospective recall periods. Additionally, we were able to assess participants from across the United States and around the world, and thus our results do not reflect only local trends. And finally, we were able to recruit participants who might have been unwilling or unable to visit a laboratory setting for face-to-face assessment. Conclusions This study was designed to examine the role of stimulants used in addition to steroids among bodybuilders and weightlifters utilizing a current use and current mood focused cross-sectional internet-based survey of bodybuilders and weightlifters. No adverse mood effects were significantly associated with steroid use, while anxiety/tension was significantly associated with stimulant use. The findings from this study regarding stimulant use suggest these substances are not benign. Their use with steroids may account for some adverse moods, particularly increased anxiety and tension, often associated with steroids. Future natural observation research on steroid mood effects needs to assess and control for stimulant use among APED users. The roles of each of these classes of stimulants in mood changes should be differentiated. Physicians and mental health professionals might also take care to assess the use and psychoactive effects of stimulants in patients having potential APED-related problems. Idiosyncratic negative effects of APEDs on mood may be associated more with stimulant use than with steroid use, despite the congressional and general public focus on steroids in the United States. Go to: Acknowledgments Funded by grants NIDA K02-00390 (Langenbucher), NIAAA, T32 AA07569 (McCrady), and NIAAA T32 AA018108-02 (McCrady). Go to: References Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Matsumoto AM, Rivier JE, Bremner WJ. Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1994;79(2):561–567. doi:10.1210/jcem.79.2.8045977. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bahrke MS, Wright JE, Strauss RH, Catlin DH. Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use. 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[PubMed] [Google Scholar] Formats: Article | PubReader | ePub (beta) | PDF (315K) | Citation Share Share on Facebook FacebookShare on Twitter TwitterShare on Google Plus Google+ Save items View more options Similar articles in PubMed Conditional Effects of Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) Use on Mood in Powerlifters and Bodybuilders. [Alcohol Treat Q. 2015] Stimulant use, religiosity, and the odds of developing or maintaining an alcohol use disorder over time. [J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2013] The effect of recent stimulant use on sustained attention in HIV-infected adults. [J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006] Association of Stimulant Use With Dopaminergic Alterations in Users of Cocaine, Amphetamine, or Methamphetamine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. [JAMA Psychiatry. 2017] Stimulant psychosis: systematic review. [Br J Psychiatry. 2004] See reviews... See all... Cited by other articles in PMC Defining the Construct of Synthetic Androgen Intoxication: An Application of General Brain Arousal [Frontiers in Psychology. 2018] Comparison of the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Performance-Enhancing Drug Users and Nonuser Bodybuilders [Iranian Journal of Psychiatry....] See all... Links PubMed Taxonomy Recent Activity ClearTurn Off Mood Symptoms in Steroid Users: The Unexamined Role of Concurrent Stimulant Use Mood Symptoms in Steroid Users: The Unexamined Role of Concurrent Stimulant Use NIHPA Author Manuscripts. 2016; 21(4)395 See more... Review The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. [Ann Epidemiol. 2014] A national study of substance use behaviors among NCAA male athletes who use banned performance enhancing substances. [Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013] Over-the-counter drug use in gymnasiums: an underrecognized substance abuse problem? [Psychother Psychosom. 2001] Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and amphetamine prevalence in college hockey players: most report performance-enhancing use. [Phys Sportsmed. 2004] Use of nonprescription weight loss products: results from a multistate survey. [JAMA. 2001] Exploring the social image of anabolic steroids users through motivation, sportspersonship orientations and aggression. [Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009] Modeling population heterogeneity in appearance- and performance-enhancing drug (APED) use: applications of mixture modeling in 400 regular APED users. [J Abnorm Psychol. 2007] Review Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. [Horm Behav. 2010] Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. [Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000] Review Androgens, brain, and behavior. [Am J Psychiatry. 1996] Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men. [Biol Psychiatry. 1999] Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers. [Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003] Psychiatric side effects induced by supraphysiological doses of combinations of anabolic steroids correlate to the severity of abuse. [Eur Psychiatry. 2006] See more ... Development, use, and factor analysis of a self-report inventory for mania. [Compr Psychiatry. 1992] See more ... Assessment of positive automatic cognition. [J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988] A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. [J Consult Psychol. 1960] See more ... Verification of the profile of mood states-brief: cross-cultural analysis. [J Clin Psychol. 2006] Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. [Clin J Sport Med. 1995] Verification of the profile of mood states-brief: cross-cultural analysis. [J Clin Psychol. 2006] Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. [J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994] Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use. [Am J Sports Med. 1992] Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. [Clin J Sport Med. 1995] Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroid users. [Med Sci Law. 2001] See more ... Violence toward women and illicit androgenic-anabolic steroid use. [Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994] A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. [Br J Sports Med. 1996] Anabolic steroid use by amateur athletes: effects upon psychological mood states. [J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1994] Review Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use. [Am J Psychiatry. 1988] See more ... Verification of the profile of mood states-brief: cross-cultural analysis. [J Clin Psychol. 2006] Support CenterSupport Center External link. Please review our privacy policy. NLMNIHDHHSUSA.gov National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA Policies and Guidelines | Contact

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EHUG Page protected with pending changes July 26 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search << July >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2021 July 26 in recent years 2020 (Sunday) 2019 (Friday) 2018 (Thursday) 2017 (Wednesday) 2016 (Tuesday) 2015 (Sunday) 2014 (Saturday) 2013 (Friday) 2012 (Thursday) 2011 (Tuesday) July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. 158 days remain until the end of the year. Contents 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links Events 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded. 920 – Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera. 1309 – Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V. 1469 – Wars of the Roses: The Battle of Edgecote Moor, pitting the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick against those of Edward IV of England, takes place. 1509 – The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire. 1529 – Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru. 1581 – Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II. 1703 – During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession. 1745 – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place near Guildford, England. 1758 – French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 1775 – The office that would later become the United States Post Office Department is established by the Second Continental Congress. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania takes office as Postmaster General. 1788 – New York ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 11th state of the United States. 1803 – The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London, United Kingdom. 1814 – The Swedish–Norwegian War begins. 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. 1822 – First day of the three-day Battle of Dervenakia, between the Ottoman Empire force led by Mahmud Dramali Pasha and the Greek Revolutionary force led by Theodoros Kolokotronis. 1847 – Liberia declares its independence. 1861 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run. 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends; At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces. 1882 – Premiere of Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal at Bayreuth. 1882 – The Republic of Stellaland is founded in Southern Africa. 1887 – Publication of the Unua Libro, founding the Esperanto movement. 1890 – In Buenos Aires, Argentina the Revolución del Parque takes place, forcing President Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman's resignation. 1891 – France annexes Tahiti. 1892 – Dadabhai Naoroji is elected as the first Indian Member of Parliament in Britain.[1] 1897 – Anglo-Afghan War: The Pashtun fakir Saidullah leads an army of more than 10,000 to begin a siege of the British garrison in the Malakand Agency of the North West Frontier Province of India. 1899 – Ulises Heureaux, the 27th President of the Dominican Republic, is assassinated. 1908 – United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation). 1918 – Emmy Noether's paper, which became known as Noether's theorem was presented at Göttingen, Germany, from which conservation laws are deduced for symmetries of angular momentum, linear momentum, and energy. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Germany and Italy decide to intervene in the war in support for Francisco Franco and the Nationalist faction. 1936 – King Edward VIII, in one of his few official duties before he abdicates the throne, officially unveils the Canadian National Vimy Memorial. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: End of the Battle of Brunete with the Nationalist victory. 1941 – World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, the United States, Britain and the Netherlands freeze all Japanese assets and cut off oil shipments. 1944 – World War II: The Red Army enters Lviv, a major city in western Ukraine, capturing it from the Nazis. Only 300 Jews survive out of 160,000 living in Lviv prior to occupation. 1945 – The Labour Party wins the United Kingdom general election of July 5 by a landslide, removing Winston Churchill from power. 1945 – World War II: The Potsdam Declaration is signed in Potsdam, Germany. 1945 – World War II: HMS Vestal is the last British Royal Navy ship to be sunk in the war. 1945 – World War II: The USS Indianapolis arrives at Tinian with components and enriched uranium for the Little Boy nuclear bomb. 1946 – Aloha Airlines begins service from Honolulu International Airport. 1947 – Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into United States law creating the Central Intelligence Agency, United States Department of Defense, United States Air Force, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the United States National Security Council. 1948 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, desegregating the military of the United States. 1951 – Walt Disney's 13th animated film, Alice in Wonderland, premieres in London, England, United Kingdom. 1952 – King Farouk of Egypt abdicates in favor of his son Fuad. 1953 – Cold War: Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution. The movement took the name of the date: 26th of July Movement 1953 – Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle orders an anti-polygamy law enforcement crackdown on residents of Short Creek, Arizona, which becomes known as the Short Creek raid. 1953 – Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment repel a number of Chinese assaults against a key position known as The Hook during the Battle of the Samichon River, just hours before the Armistice Agreement is signed, ending the Korean War. 1956 – Following the World Bank's refusal to fund building the Aswan Dam, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, sparking international condemnation. 1957 – Carlos Castillo Armas, dictator of Guatemala, is assassinated. 1958 – Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched. 1963 – Syncom 2, the world's first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster. 1963 – An earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia (present-day North Macedonia) leaves 1,100 dead. 1963 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development votes to admit Japan. 1968 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Trương Đình Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war. 1971 – Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15 on the first Apollo "J-Mission", and first use of a Lunar Roving Vehicle. 1974 – Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis forms the country's first civil government after seven years of military rule. 1977 – The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as the official language of the provincial government. 1989 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing the Morris worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. 1990 – The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by President George H.W. Bush. 1993 – Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into a ridge on Mt. Ungeo on its third attempt to land at Mokpo Airport, South Korea. Sixty-eight of the 116 people onboard are killed. 1999 – Kargil conflict officially comes to an end. The Indian Army announces the complete eviction of Pakistani intruders. 2005 – Space Shuttle program: STS-114 Mission: Launch of Discovery, NASA's first scheduled flight mission after the Columbia Disaster in 2003. 2005 – Mumbai, India receives 99.5cm of rain (39.17 inches) within 24 hours, resulting in floods killing over 5,000 people. 2008 – Fifty-six people are killed and over 200 people are injured, in the Ahmedabad bombings in India. 2009 – The militant Nigerian Islamist group Boko Haram attacks a police station in Bauchi, leading to reprisals by the Nigeria Police Force and four days of violence across multiple cities. 2016 – The Sagamihara stabbings occur in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. Nineteen people are killed. 2016 – Hillary Clinton becomes the first female nominee for President of the United States by a major political party at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia. 2016 – Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth. Births 1030 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Polish bishop and saint (d. 1079) 1308 – Stefan Dušan, emperor of Serbia (d. 1355) 1400 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439) 1502 – Christian Egenolff, German printer (d. 1555) 1678 – Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1711) 1711 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician, and historian (d. 1778) 1739 – George Clinton, American general and politician, 4th Vice President of the United States (d. 1812) 1782 – John Field, Irish pianist and composer (d. 1837) 1791 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1844) 1796 – George Catlin, American painter, author, and traveler (d. 1872) 1802 – Mariano Arista, Mexican general and politician, 42nd President of Mexico (d. 1855) 1819 – Justin Holland, American guitarist and educator (d. 1887) 1829 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian politician, 14th Prime Minister of Belgium, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1912) 1841 – Carl Robert Jakobson, Estonian journalist and politician (d. 1882) 1842 – Alfred Marshall, English economist and academic (d. 1924) 1844 – Stefan Drzewiecki, Ukrainian-Polish engineer and journalist (d. 1938) 1854 – Philippe Gaucher, French dermatologist and academic (d. 1918) 1855 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (d. 1936) 1856 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish playwright and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950) 1858 – Tom Garrett, Australian cricketer and lawyer (d. 1943) 1863 – Jāzeps Vītols, Latvian composer (d. 1948) 1865 – Philipp Scheidemann, German journalist and politician, 10th Chancellor of Germany (d. 1939) 1865 – Rajanikanta Sen, Indian poet and composer (d. 1910) 1874 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian-American bassist, composer, and conductor (d. 1951) 1875 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (d. 1961) 1875 – Ernesta Di Capua, Italian botanist and explorer (d. 1943)[2] 1875 – Antonio Machado, Spanish poet and academic (d. 1939) 1877 – Jesse Lauriston Livermore, American investor and security analyst, "Great Bear of Wall Street" (d. 1940) 1878 – Ernst Hoppenberg, German swimmer and water polo player (d. 1937) 1879 – Shunroku Hata, Japanese field marshal and politician, 48th Japanese Minister of War (d. 1962) 1880 – Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian playwright and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Ukrainian People's Republic (d. 1951) 1882 – Albert Dunstan, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of Victoria (d. 1950) 1885 – Roy Castleton, American Major League Baseball player (d.1967) [3] 1885 – André Maurois, French soldier and author (d. 1967) 1886 – Lars Hanson, Swedish actor (d. 1965) 1888 – Reginald Hands, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1918) 1890 – Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1942) 1892 – Sad Sam Jones, American baseball player and manager (d. 1966) 1893 – George Grosz, German painter and illustrator (d. 1959) 1894 – Aldous Huxley, English novelist and philosopher (d. 1963) 1895 – Gracie Allen, American actress and comedian (d. 1964) 1896 – Tim Birkin, English soldier and race car driver (d. 1933) 1897 – Harold D. Cooley, American lawyer and politician (d. 1974) 1897 – Paul Gallico, American journalist and author (d. 1976) 1900 – Sarah Kafrit, Israeli politician and teacher (d. 1983) 1903 – Estes Kefauver, American lawyer and politician (d. 1963) 1904 – Edwin Albert Link, American industrialist and entrepreneur, invented the flight simulator (d. 1981) 1906 – Irena Iłłakowicz, German-Polish lieutenant (d. 1943) 1908 – Lucien Wercollier, Luxembourger sculptor (d. 2002) 1909 – Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1994) 1909 – Vivian Vance, American actress and singer (d. 1979) 1913 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, lawyer, and politician (d. 2012) 1914 – C. Farris Bryant, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 34th Governor of Florida (d. 2002) 1914 – Erskine Hawkins, American trumpet player and bandleader (d. 1993) 1914 – Ellis Kinder, American baseball player (d. 1968) 1916 – Dean Brooks, American physician and actor (d. 2013) 1916 – Jaime Luiz Coelho, Brazilian archbishop (d. 2013) 1918 – Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015) 1919 – Virginia Gilmore, American actress (d. 1986) 1919 – James Lovelock, English biologist and chemist 1920 – Bob Waterfield, American football player and coach (d. 1983) 1921 – Tom Saffell, American baseball player and manager (d. 2012) 1921 – Jean Shepherd, American radio host, actor, and screenwriter (d. 1999) 1922 – Blake Edwards, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010) 1922 – Jim Foglesong, American record producer (d. 2013) 1922 – Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000) 1923 – Jan Berenstain, American author and illustrator (d. 2012) 1923 – Hoyt Wilhelm, American baseball player and coach (d. 2002) 1925 – Jerzy Einhorn, Polish-Swedish physician and politician (d. 2000) 1925 – Joseph Engelberger, American physicist and engineer (d. 2015) 1925 – Gene Gutowski, Polish-American film producer (d. 2016) 1925 – Ana María Matute, Spanish author and academic (d. 2014) 1926 – James Best, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2015) 1926 – Dorothy E. Smith, Canadian sociologist[4] 1927 – Gulabrai Ramchand, Indian cricketer (d. 2003) 1928 – Don Beauman, English race car driver (d. 1955) 1928 – Francesco Cossiga, Italian academic and politician, 8th President of Italy (d. 2010) 1928 – Elliott Erwitt, French-American photographer and director 1928 – Ibn-e-Safi, Indian-Pakistani author and poet (d. 1980) 1928 – Joe Jackson, American talent manager, father of Michael Jackson (d. 2018) 1928 – Stanley Kubrick, American director, producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer (d. 1999) 1928 – Peter Lougheed, Canadian lawyer and politician, 10th Premier of Alberta (d. 2012) 1928 – Sally Oppenheim-Barnes, Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes, Irish-born English politician 1928 – Bernice Rubens, Welsh author (d. 2004) 1929 – Marc Lalonde, Canadian lawyer and politician, 34th Canadian Minister of Justice 1929 – Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian-French pianist and educator (d. 2012) 1930 – Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (d. 2014) 1930 – Barbara Jefford, English actress 1931 – Telê Santana, Brazilian footballer and manager (d. 2006) 1934 – Tommy McDonald, American football player (d. 2018) 1936 – Tsutomu Koyama, Japanese volleyball player and coach (d. 2012) 1936 – Lawrie McMenemy, English footballer and manager 1938 – Bobby Hebb, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010) 1938 – Keith Peters, Welsh physician and academic 1939 – Jun Henmi, Japanese author and poet (d. 2011) 1939 – John Howard, Australian lawyer and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Australia 1939 – Bob Lilly, American football player and photographer 1939 – Richard Marlow, English organist and conductor (d. 2013) 1940 – Dobie Gray, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2011) 1940 – Brian Mawhinney, Baron Mawhinney, Northern Irish-British academic and politician, Secretary of State for Transport 1940 – Bobby Rousseau, Canadian ice hockey player 1941 – Jean Baubérot, French historian and sociologist 1941 – Darlene Love, American singer and actress 1941 – Brenton Wood, American R&B singer-songwriter and keyboard player 1942 – Vladimír Mečiar, Slovak politician, 1st Prime Minister of Slovakia 1942 – Teddy Pilette, Belgian race car driver 1943 – Peter Hyams, American director, screenwriter, and cinematographer 1943 – Mick Jagger, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor 1945 – Betty Davis, American singer-songwriter 1945 – Helen Mirren, English actress [5] 1946 – Emilio de Villota, Spanish race car driver 1948 – Luboš Andršt, Czech guitarist and songwriter 1948 – Herbert Wiesinger, German figure skater 1949 – Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai businessman and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Thailand 1949 – Roger Taylor, English singer-songwriter, drummer, and producer 1950 – Nelinho, Brazilian footballer and manager 1950 – Nicholas Evans, English journalist, screenwriter, and producer 1950 – Susan George, English actress and producer 1950 – Anne Rafferty, English lawyer and judge 1950 – Rich Vogler, American race car driver (d. 1990) 1951 – Rick Martin, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2011) 1952 – Glynis Breakwell, English psychologist and academic 1953 – Felix Magath, German footballer and manager 1953 – Robert Phillips, American guitarist 1953 – Henk Bleker, Dutch politician 1953 – Earl Tatum, American professional basketball player 1954 – Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player and coach (d. 1994) 1955 – Aleksandrs Starkovs, Latvian footballer and coach 1955 – Asif Ali Zardari, Pakistani businessman and politician, 11th President of Pakistan 1956 – Peter Fincham, English screenwriter and producer 1956 – Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater 1956 – Tommy Rich, American wrestler 1956 – Tim Tremlett, English cricketer and coach 1957 – Norman Baker, Scottish politician 1957 – Nana Visitor, American actress 1958 – Monti Davis, American basketball player (d. 2013) 1958 – Angela Hewitt, Canadian-English pianist 1959 – Rick Bragg, American author and journalist 1959 – Kevin Spacey, American actor and director 1961 – Gary Cherone, American singer-songwriter 1961 – Andy Connell, English keyboard player and songwriter 1961 – Felix Dexter, Caribbean-English comedian and actor (d. 2013) 1963 – Jeff Stoughton, Canadian curler 1964 – Sandra Bullock, American actress and producer 1964 – Ralf Metzenmacher, German painter and designer 1964 – Anne Provoost, Belgian author 1965 – Jeremy Piven, American actor and producer 1965 – Jim Lindberg, American singer and guitarist 1966 – Angelo di Livio, Italian footballer 1967 – Martin Baker, English organist and conductor 1967 – Tim Schafer, American video game designer, founded Double Fine Productions 1967 – Jason Statham, English actor 1968 – Frédéric Diefenthal, French actor and director 1968 – Jim Naismith, Scottish biologist and academic 1968 – Olivia Williams, English actress 1969 – Greg Colbrunn, American baseball player and coach 1969 – Tanni Grey-Thompson, Welsh baroness and wheelchair racer 1971 – Khaled Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer and coach 1971 – Chris Harrison, America television personality 1972 – Nathan Buckley, Australian footballer and coach 1973 – Kate Beckinsale, English actress 1973 – Mariano Raffo, Argentinian director and producer 1974 – Iron & Wine, American singer-songwriter 1974 – Kees Meeuws, New Zealand rugby player and coach 1974 – Dean Sturridge, English footballer and sportscaster 1975 – Ingo Schultz, German sprinter 1975 – Joe Smith, American basketball player 1975 – Elizabeth Truss, English accountant and politician, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 1976 – Elena Kustarova, Russian ice dancer and coach 1977 – Joaquín Benoit, Dominican baseball player 1977 – Martin Laursen, Danish footballer and manager 1977 – Tanja Szewczenko, German figure skater 1979 – Friedrich Michau, German rugby player 1979 – Derek Paravicini, English pianist 1979 – Peter Sarno, Canadian ice hockey player 1979 – Erik Westrum, American ice hockey player 1979 – Juliet Rylance, English actress 1980 – Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand[6] 1980 – Dave Baksh, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1980 – Robert Gallery, American football player 1981 – Abe Forsythe, Australian actor, director, and screenwriter 1981 – Maicon Sisenando, Brazilian footballer 1982 – Gilad Hochman, Israeli composer 1982 – Christopher Kane, Scottish fashion designer 1983 – Kelly Clark, American snowboarder 1983 – Stephen Makinwa, Nigerian footballer 1983 – Roderick Strong, American wrestler 1983 – Naomi van As, Dutch field hockey player 1983 – Ken Wallace, Australian kayaker[7] 1983 – Delonte West, American basketball player 1984 – Kyriakos Ioannou, Cypriot high jumper 1984 – Benjamin Kayser, French rugby player 1984 – Sabri Sarıoğlu, Turkish footballer 1985 – Marcus Benard, American football player 1985 – Gaël Clichy, French footballer 1985 – Audrey De Montigny, Canadian singer-songwriter 1985 – Mat Gamel, American baseball player 1986 – Leonardo Ulloa, Argentinian footballer 1986 – John White, English footballer 1987 – Panagiotis Kone, Greek footballer 1987 – Jordie Benn, Canadian ice hockey player 1987 – Fredy Montero, Colombian footballer 1988 – Yurie Omi, Japanese female announcer 1988 – Sayaka Akimoto, Filipino–Japanese actress and singer 1991 – Tyson Barrie, Canadian ice hockey player[8] 1992 – Marika Koroibete, Fijian rugby player[9] 1993 – Raymond Faitala-Mariner, New Zealand rugby league player[10] 1994 – Ella Leivo, Finnish tennis player[11] 1996 – Olivia Breen, British Paralympic athlete[12] 2000 – Thomasin McKenzie, New Zealand actress.[13] Deaths 342 – Cheng of Jin, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 321) 432 – Celestine I, pope of the Catholic Church 811 – Nikephoros I, Byzantine emperor 899 – Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (b. 842) 943 – Motoyoshi, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 890) 990 – Fujiwara no Kaneie, Japanese statesman (b. 929) 1380 – Kōmyō, emperor of Japan (b. 1322) 1450 – Cecily Neville, duchess of Warwick (b. 1424) 1471 – Paul II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1417)[14] 1533 – Atahualpa, Inca emperor abducted and murdered by Francisco Pizarro (b. ca. 1500) 1592 – Armand de Gontant, French marshal (b. 1524) 1605 – Miguel de Benavides, Spanish archbishop and sinologist (b. 1552) 1611 – Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1542) 1630 – Charles Emmanual I, duke of Savoy (b. 1562) 1659 – Mary Frith, English female criminal (b. 1584) 1680 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet and courtier (b. 1647) 1684 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1646) 1693 – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, queen of Sweden (b. 1656) 1712 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1631) 1723 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1660) 1801 – Maximilian Francis, archduke of Austria (b. 1756) 1863 – Sam Houston, American general and politician, 7th Governor of Texas (b. 1793) 1867 – Otto, king of Greece (b. 1815) 1899 – Ulises Heureaux, 22nd, 26th, and 27th President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1845) 1915 – James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and philologist (b. 1837) 1919 – Edward Poynter, English painter and illustrator (b. 1836) 1921 – Howard Vernon, Australian actor (b. 1848) 1925 – Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888) 1925 – Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848) 1925 – William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician, 41st United States Secretary of State (b. 1860) 1926 – Robert Todd Lincoln, American lawyer and politician, 35th United States Secretary of War, son of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1843) 1930 – Pavlos Karolidis, Greek historian and academic (b. 1849) 1932 – Fred Duesenberg, German-American businessman, co-founded the Duesenberg Company (b. 1876) 1934 – Winsor McCay, American cartoonist, animator, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1871) 1941 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician and academic (b. 1875) 1942 – Roberto Arlt, Argentinian author and playwright (b. 1900) 1951 – James Mitchell, Australian politician, 13th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1866) 1952 – Eva Perón, Argentinian politician, 25th First Lady of Argentina (b. 1919) 1953 – Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician, 135th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1883) 1957 – Carlos Castillo Armas, Authoritarian ruler of Guatemala (1954-1957) 1960 – Cedric Gibbons, British art director and production designer (b. 1893) 1964 – Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, English race car driver and politician (b. 1884) 1968 – Cemal Tollu, Turkish lieutenant and painter (b. 1899) 1970 – Robert Taschereau, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 11th Chief Justice of Canada (b. 1896) 1971 – Diane Arbus, American photographer and academic (b. 1923) 1984 – George Gallup, American mathematician and statistician, founded the Gallup Company (b. 1901) 1984 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906) 1986 – W. Averell Harriman, American politician and diplomat, 11th United States Secretary of Commerce (b. 1891) 1988 – Fazlur Rahman Malik, Pakistani philosopher, scholar, and academic (b. 1919) 1992 – Mary Wells, American singer-songwriter (b. 1943) 1993 – Matthew Ridgway, American general (b. 1895) 1994 – James Luther Adams, American theologian and academic (b. 1901) 1995 – Laurindo Almeida, Brazilian-American guitarist and composer (b. 1917) 1995 – Raymond Mailloux, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1918) 1995 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (b. 1907)[15] 1996 – Max Winter, American businessman and sports executive (b. 1903) 1999 – Walter Jackson Bate, American author and critic (b. 1918) 1999 – Phaedon Gizikis, Greek general and politician, President of Greece (b. 1917) 2000 – John Tukey, American mathematician and academic (b. 1915) 2001 – Rex T. Barber, American colonel and pilot (b. 1917) 2001 – Peter von Zahn, German journalist and author (b. 1913) 2004 – William A. Mitchell, American chemist, created Pop Rocks and Cool Whip (b. 1911) 2005 – Alexander Golitzen, Russian-born American production designer and art director (b. 1908) 2005 – Jack Hirshleifer, American economist and academic (b. 1925) 2005 – Gilles Marotte, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1945) 2007 – Lars Forssell, Swedish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1928) 2007 – Skip Prosser, American basketball player and coach (b. 1950) 2009 – Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1919) 2010 – Sivakant Tiwari, Indian-Singaporean politician (b. 1945) 2011 – Joe Arroyo, Colombian singer-songwriter and composer (b. 1955) 2011 – Richard Harris, American-Canadian football player and coach (b. 1948) 2011 – Sakyo Komatsu, Japanese author and screenwriter (b. 1931) 2011 – Margaret Olley, Australian painter and philanthropist (b. 1923) 2012 – Don Bagley, American bassist and composer (b. 1927) 2012 – Karl Benjamin, American painter and educator (b. 1925) 2012 – Miriam Ben-Porat, Russian-Israeli lawyer and jurist (b. 1918) 2012 – Lupe Ontiveros, American actress (b. 1942) 2012 – James D. Watkins, American admiral and politician, 6th United States Secretary of Energy (b. 1927) 2013 – Luther F. Cole, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925) 2013 – Harley Flanders, American mathematician and academic (b. 1925) 2013 – Sung Jae-gi, South Korean philosopher and activist (b. 1967) 2013 – George P. Mitchell, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1919) 2014 – Oleh Babayev, Ukrainian businessman and politician (b. 1965) 2014 – Charles R. Larson, American admiral (b. 1936) 2014 – Richard MacCormac, English architect, founded MJP Architects (b. 1938) 2014 – Sergei O. Prokofieff, Russian anthropologist and author (b. 1954) 2014 – Roland Verhavert, Belgian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1927) 2015 – Bijoy Krishna Handique, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Mines (b. 1934) 2015 – Flora MacDonald, Canadian banker and politician, 10th Canadian Minister of Communications (b. 1926) 2015 – Leo Reise, Jr., Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1922) 2015 – Ann Rule, American police officer and author (b. 1931) 2017 – June Foray, American voice actress (b. 1917) 2017 – Patti Deutsch, American voice artist and comedic actress (b. 1943)[16] 2017 – Ronald Phillips, American criminal (b. 1973)[17] 2018 – Adem Demaci, Kosovo Albanian politician and writer (b. 1936) [18] 2018 – John Kline, American basketball player (b. 1931)[19] 2019 – Russi Taylor, American voice actress (b. 1944)[20] 2019 – Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cuban Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1936)[21] 2020 – Olivia de Havilland, American actress (b. 1916)[22] Holidays and observances Christian feast day: Andrew of Phú Yên Anne (Western Christianity) Bartolomea Capitanio Blessed Maria Pierina Joachim (Western Christianity) Paraskevi of Rome (Eastern Orthodox Church) Venera July 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Day of National Significance (Barbados) Day of the National Rebellion (Cuba) Esperanto Day Independence Day (Liberia), celebrates the independence of Liberia from the American Colonization Society in 1847. Independence Day (Maldives), celebrates the independence of Maldives from the United Kingdom in 1965. Kargil Victory Day or Kargil Vijay Diwas (India) References "From the archive, 26 July 1892: Britain's first Asian MP elected", The Guardian, 26 July 2013, retrieved 2 May 2018 Friis, Ib; Ryding, Olof (2001). Biodiversity Research in the Horn of Africa Region: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea at the Carlsberg Academy, Copenhagen, August 25-27, 1999. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 116. ISBN 978-8-77876-246-7. Lammers, Craig. "Roy Castleton | Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Retrieved 26 March 2019. Smyth, Deirdre Mary (1999). A Few Laced Genes: Sociology, the Women's Movement and the Work of Dorothy E. Smith (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Toronto. p. 43. "Mirren seeks Oscar glory". BBC News. 11 March 2002. Retrieved 19 July 2020. "Jacinda Ardern | Biography, Facts, & Partner". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2020. "Ken Wallace". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 4 June 2020. "Tyson Barrie". ESPN.com. Retrieved 20 October 2020. "Ratu Marika Koroibete". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 20 October 2020. "Raymond Faitala-Mariner". National Rugby League. Retrieved 20 October 2020. "Tennis Ella Leivo - ESPN". m.espn.com. Retrieved 20 October 2020. "GB Paralympic team for Rio - who's in?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 July 2020. "THOMASIN MCKENZIE". ISSUE Magazine. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. BIRTH DATE: 26/07/2000 BIRTH PLACE: Wellington NZ "Paul II | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Rosenbaum, David E. (July 27, 1995). "George Romney Dies at 88; A Leading G.O.P. Figure". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2020. "Patti Deutsch Ross Obituary". Los Angeles Times. July 28, 2017. "Ohio executed a prisoner for the first time in three years". NBC News. Retrieved July 26, 2017. "Adem Demaci". Newsday Entertainment/Celebrities. 2018-08-10. "Notable Deaths 2018". The New York Times Obituraries. Retrieved 2018-09-12. Taylor, Derrick Bryson (July 28, 2019). "Russi Taylor, the Voice of Minnie Mouse and 'Simpsons' Characters, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Rodriguez, Andrea; Orsi, Peter (July 26, 2019). "Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Catholic cardinal in Cuba, dies at 82". The Washington Post. Berkvist, Robert (July 26, 2020). "Olivia de Havilland, a Star of 'Gone With the Wind,' Dies at 104". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-07-26. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to July 26. "On This Day". BBC. The New York Times: On This Day "Historical Events on July 26". OnThisDay.com. "Today in Canadian History". Canada Channel. vte Months and days of the year Today: January 3, 2021 [refresh] January 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 February 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829 March 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 April 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 May 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 June 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 July 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 August 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 September 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 October 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 November 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 December 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 Related: List of non-standard dates Categories: Days of the yearJuly Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Languages العربية Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano اردو ייִדיש 中文 172 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2020, at 02:56 (UTC). 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